The Replaceability Index

Largest workforces: Job Rankings

Compare AI task exposure across occupations, alongside pay and projected growth. 709 occupations in this view. The score is a relative index of task exposure from 0 to 100. It is not a percentage chance of losing a job or a forecast of layoffs. Individual tasks, employer choices, adoption, and regulation all matter.

Occupation data. Exposure is an index out of 100, not a probability.
OccupationExposure /100Median annual wageStored growth projectionEmployment
Fast Food and Counter Workers72$29,080+3%3,997,800
Home Health and Personal Care Aides6$33,530+20%3,832,300
Retail Salespersons62$33,920+0%3,682,400
Cashiers92$30,710-10%3,336,300
Registered Nurses6$93,600+4.9%3,290,900
General and Operations Managers16$101,280+5%3,281,100
Personal Care Aides6$33,530+20%2,950,700
Office Clerks, General72$39,760-5%2,856,200
Customer Service Representatives68$39,680-5%2,829,600
Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers62$36,500+4%2,696,500
Janitors and Cleaners52$35,020+3%2,482,800
Waiters and Waitresses48$31,830+3%2,361,500
Stockers and Order Fillers68$34,680+0%2,186,500
Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers58$54,320+4%2,038,600
Software Developers32$132,270+17%1,857,500
Secretaries and Administrative Assistants76$44,400-10%1,752,400
First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers38$63,450+0%1,575,800
Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks78$47,440-5%1,533,500
Nursing Assistants18$38,200+4%1,521,700
Maintenance and Repair Workers, General32$46,700+5%1,511,200
Elementary School Teachers2$63,670+1%1,510,800
Accountants and Auditors69$81,680+4.6%1,502,500
Cooks, Restaurant32$35,550+15%1,457,500
Teaching Assistants, Except Postsecondary18$33,680+3%1,356,200
Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing42$73,080+1%1,354,300
Construction Laborers28$44,190+5%1,296,100
First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation and Serving Workers22$41,460+8%1,273,700
First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers22$46,310+0%1,242,600
Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers28$37,750+5%1,165,400
Security Guards62$36,680+5%1,163,200
Secondary School Teachers4$65,220+1%1,099,800
Food Preparation Workers52$31,170+5%1,091,800
Assemblers and Fabricators, All Other72$38,760-3%1,086,800
Receptionists and Information Clerks72$35,880-5%1,080,700
Light Truck Drivers52$40,410+12%1,028,100
Project Management Specialists22$98,580+7%1,018,400
Management Analysts48$99,410+10%1,010,100
Business Operations Specialists, All Other42$82,720+5%976,200
Team Assemblers68$38,090-3%935,000
Computer User Support Specialists58$60,810+5%914,300
Market Research Analysts62$74,680+8%905,000
Home Health Aides6$33,530+20%881,600
Human Resources Specialists32$67,650+8%857,600
Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners42$32,170+3%843,400
Lawyers22$145,760+5.6%827,100
Industrial Truck and Tractor Operators62$42,360+1%824,800
Sales Representatives of Services, Except Advertising, Insurance, Financial Services, and Travel38$71,420+3%805,100
Carpenters18$56,350+3%790,000
Financial Managers28$156,100+16.8%781,600
Medical Assistants38$42,000+14%780,100
Cooks, Fast Food62$28,900+8%774,700
First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers12$77,650+4%774,300
Electricians12$65,280+6%739,200
Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics38$48,040+2%730,800
Bartenders32$31,510+8%710,100
Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists8$35,870+5%699,800
First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers22$66,620-1%693,600
Shipping, Receiving, and Inventory Clerks68$38,280-5%692,600
Middle School Teachers4$63,670+1%684,300
Licensed Practical Nurses12$59,730+3%683,400
Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers8$74,910+3%665,300
Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers62$44,880-3%605,500
Computer and Information Systems Managers12$169,510+15.4%582,300
Dining Room and Cafeteria Attendants and Bartender Helpers58$29,930+5%578,500
Substitute Teachers12$36,400+3%576,500
Insurance Sales Agents52$59,080+6%575,800
Medical and Health Services Managers6$110,680+28.4%563,700
Packers and Packagers, Hand72$32,670+3%561,400
Dishwashers68$29,400+5%558,700
First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers14$77,380+2%555,200
Childcare Workers6$30,370+3%544,800
Office and Administrative Support Workers, All Other58$40,590+3%542,100
Computer Systems Analysts65$103,790+8.7%540,800
Medical Secretaries and Administrative Assistants62$42,600+5%534,000
Construction Managers3$106,980+8.7%523,100
Preschool Teachers4$37,750+3%512,150
Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters14$63,700+5%511,900
Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents46$76,990+7%506,100
Counter and Rental Clerks58$35,740+3%480,200
Computer Occupations, All Other50$101,440+5%472,300
Sales Managers18$135,160+4%469,800
Billing and Posting Clerks72$43,800-2%466,600
Pharmacy Technicians68$40,300+6%462,600
Operating Engineers and Other Construction Equipment Operators48$56,810+4%455,200
Social and Human Service Assistants18$39,860+8%450,800
Bus Drivers, School52$41,530+3%450,700
Recreation Workers14$33,640+7%444,200
Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks58$55,060+2%440,100
Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers28$62,850+5%439,500
Driver/Sales Workers58$36,170+3%434,800
Executive Secretaries and Executive Administrative Assistants72$72,400-14%420,700
Industrial Machinery Mechanics22$62,090+15%419,700
Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop52$28,970+5%415,800
Heating, AC, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers14$57,670+9%406,900
Food Service Managers18$63,060+6%406,200
Cooks, Institution and Cafeteria42$34,900+5%401,400
Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers42$48,560+1%393,800
Correctional Officers and Jailers22$49,610-6%392,900
Physicians, All Other4$229,300+3%392,200
Nurse Practitioners2$129,210+40.1%385,000
Marketing Managers24$161,030+6.6%384,980
Loan Officers72$67,600+2%382,700
Exercise Trainers and Group Fitness Instructors6$46,480+14%382,600
Financial Analysts77$101,350+5.7%382,300
Training and Development Specialists18$64,340+6%380,400
Child, Family, and School Social Workers4$53,940+5%379,900
Dental Assistants42$46,540+9%378,800
Taxi Drivers78$36,480+12%368,300
Passenger Vehicle Drivers, Except Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity72$36,480+12%368,300
Network and Computer Systems Administrators52$95,360+2%363,900
Information and Record Clerks, All Other58$43,500+3%362,100
Administrative Services Managers46$107,560+5%359,300
Amusement and Recreation Attendants42$29,520+9%359,100
Tellers82$37,080-15%358,800
Compliance Officers48$75,670+4.6%357,700
Paralegals and Legal Assistants62$60,970+4%351,800
Mental Health Counselors2$53,710+22%348,100
Public Relations Specialists32$66,750+6%346,700
Clinical Laboratory Technologists and Technicians62$60,780+5%343,900
Self-Enrichment Teachers12$46,480+11%341,700
Helpers--Production Workers68$34,430-2%333,800
Postal Service Mail Carriers58$55,380-5%333,100
Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors8$61,710+4%332,100
Firefighters4$57,120+4%330,800
Pharmacists42$136,030-2%330,600
Machinists52$51,050+0%330,600
Personal Financial Advisors32$99,580+7%330,300
Civil Engineers18$97,380+5%328,200
Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products38$100,360+1%327,900
Cleaners of Vehicles and Equipment48$32,330+5%322,700
Coaches and Scouts8$46,760+12%315,200
Industrial Engineers30$99,380+12%314,700
Insurance Claims and Policy Processing Clerks72$47,220-5%303,500
Personal Service Managers22$45,600+8%301,800
First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers22$46,160+8%301,800
Education Administrators, Kindergarten through Secondary6$103,460+1%301,200
Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators62$75,070-4%301,200
Animal Caretakers12$32,810+14%294,500
Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary6$128,170+16%291,800
Farmers, Ranchers, and Other Agricultural Managers18$80,320-1%291,010
First-Line Supervisors of Non-Retail Sales Workers24$90,880+3%289,300
Packaging and Filling Machine Operators78$37,340-3%285,400
Military Enlisted Tactical Operations and Air/Weapons Specialists and Crew Members, All Other12$45,000+3%285,000
Mechanical Engineers18$99,510+2%284,900
First-Line Supervisors of Transportation Workers22$61,730+5%281,000
Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists22$56,850+5%278,800
Farmworkers and Laborers, Crop42$33,500+2%277,300
Physical Therapists2$101,020+10.9%274,790
Emergency Medical Technicians12$40,030+5%270,200
Food Servers, Nonrestaurant52$30,790+5%267,200
Graphic Designers58$60,360+2%266,440
Painters, Construction and Maintenance28$46,080+3%261,300
Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks68$31,990+3%261,200
First-Line Supervisors of Housekeeping and Janitorial Workers22$47,220+5%252,500
Parts Salespersons52$36,470+2%243,400
Purchasing Agents58$66,800-5%232,000
Bakers42$35,540+9%230,600
Software Quality Assurance Analysts54$101,800+17%221,500
Radiologic Technologists and Technicians38$73,410+6%217,100
Web Developers48$92,750+8%216,200
Bill and Account Collectors72$41,300-2%214,900
Instructional Coordinators18$74,620+2%213,400
Dental Hygienists18$87,530+7%211,470
Industrial Production Managers22$115,480+1%210,910
Chief Executives4$213,550+3%210,340
Cost Estimators58$71,200+1%208,300
Social and Community Service Managers8$77,030+9%207,100
Data Scientists34$108,020+36%202,200
Architectural and Engineering Managers8$165,370+3%201,700
Human Resources Managers14$136,350+6%198,600
Healthcare Social Workers6$62,940+7%198,200
Education Administrators, Postsecondary8$102,610+4%196,600
Tutors14$39,050+5%195,900
Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and Ambulance52$46,680+3%195,700
Engineers, All Other24$105,010+3%194,600
Production Workers, All Other52$38,230+3%193,700
Special Education Teachers, Kindergarten and Elementary School2$63,670+2%193,500
Life, Physical, and Social Science Technicians52$50,200+5%193,200
Electrical Engineers22$110,950+3%192,700
Real Estate Sales Agents48$56,620+2%191,200
Information Security Analysts18$120,360+33%188,100
Computer Network Architects38$129,840+3%182,900
Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers42$65,010-5%179,100
Loan Interviewers and Clerks72$47,700-5%177,600
Speech-Language Pathologists9$95,410+15%177,500
Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity58$52,950+3%176,900
Electrical and Electronic Equipment Assemblers72$39,270-5%176,800
Cement Masons and Concrete Finishers22$51,650+5%175,900
Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists52$60,780+5%175,200
Sales and Related Workers, All Other42$41,280+3%172,700
Computer Network Support Specialists48$72,060+2%170,900
Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technicians58$47,700+5%168,700
Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics18$62,190+5%167,500
Ushers, Lobby Attendants, and Ticket Takers58$28,640+5%167,500
Teaching Assistants, Postsecondary22$38,600+5%167,500
First-Line Supervisors of Landscaping, Lawn Service, and Groundskeeping Workers14$56,500+5%166,600
Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers22$105,580+8%164,500
Database Administrators52$101,510+8%163,500
Chefs and Head Cooks12$58,920+6%163,000
Data Entry Keyers96$37,790-22%162,700
Facilities Managers18$104,900+5%161,800
Administrative Services and Facilities Managers28$104,900+5%161,800
Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Workers68$31,420-8%160,400
Lifeguards, Ski Patrol, and Other Recreational Protective Service Workers8$28,860+5%159,700
Teachers and Instructors, All Other12$44,020+3%159,400
Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers, All Other28$49,530+5%157,800
Computer Numerically Controlled Tool Operators58$47,560+3%157,800
Computer Numerically Controlled Tool Operators, Metal and Plastic58$47,560+3%157,800
Dentists, General2$172,790+4.1%157,100
Manicurists and Pedicurists14$33,650+8%156,400
Meeting, Convention, and Event Planners22$56,920+8%156,300
Kindergarten Teachers2$63,670+1%156,200
Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians18$72,700+5%155,800
Meat, Poultry, and Fish Cutters and Trimmers52$35,390+3%155,200
Eligibility Interviewers, Government Programs52$50,820+3%153,800
Physician Assistants2$133,260+20.4%153,200
Medical Scientists12$100,890+10%152,200
Special Education Teachers, Secondary School4$65,220+2%152,100
Producers and Directors18$86,140+5%152,000
Roofers22$48,290+5%149,900
Parking Attendants78$31,500+3%149,800
Automotive Body and Related Repairers22$50,890+3%148,300
Career/Technical Education Teachers, Postsecondary8$61,120+4%148,200
Refuse and Recyclable Material Collectors42$44,340+5%147,800
Career/Technical Education Teachers, Secondary School8$65,220+1%147,300
Highway Maintenance Workers28$46,130+3%147,200
Construction and Building Inspectors42$65,740+1%147,000
Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Workers4$55,960+11%146,800
Legal Secretaries and Administrative Assistants72$52,400-10%145,400
Phlebotomists42$42,040+11%145,200
Librarians and Media Collections Specialists52$64,370+3%143,600
Court, Municipal, and License Clerks48$42,430+3%143,500
Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks76$52,090-5%143,400
Interviewers68$38,520-5%143,200
Sheet Metal Workers22$58,280+5%142,100
Respiratory Therapists12$77,960+13%137,800
Flight Attendants12$68,370+10%136,700
First-Line Supervisors of Police and Detectives8$100,420+3%135,600
Printing Press Operators62$42,230-8%135,600
Occupational Therapists2$98,340+13.8%135,400
Butchers and Meat Cutters38$38,440+3%134,500
Cutting, Punching, and Press Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic72$40,120-3%130,700
Rehabilitation Counselors8$42,280+3%130,600
Editors52$73,580-5%130,100
File Clerks82$37,950-10%128,600
Web and Digital Interface Designers42$101,920+8%126,900
Electrical Power-Line Installers and Repairers12$86,440+3%125,700
Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technologists and Technicians48$70,030+2%124,100
Architects, Except Landscape and Naval18$96,640+5%123,700
Veterinary Technologists and Technicians18$43,740+15%123,500
Electronics Engineers, Except Computer22$113,580+2%122,800
Occupational Health and Safety Specialists22$81,140+5%122,300
Family Medicine Physicians2$224,460+3%122,060
Detectives and Criminal Investigators12$95,500+3%121,100
Operations Research Analysts56$83,640+23%121,000
Massage Therapists6$55,310+18%120,600
Sewing Machine Operators62$33,180-5%119,800
Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant and System Operators28$53,390+5%119,600
Surgical Technologists32$60,370+6%117,300
Human Resources Assistants62$47,710-5%115,300
Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder Counselors4$53,710+18%115,200
Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers52$44,180-5%113,600
Crossing Guards and Flaggers42$36,070+3%112,800
Veterinary Assistants and Laboratory Animal Caretakers18$34,980+15%111,600
Advertising Sales Agents54$60,750-7%111,000
Reservation and Transportation Ticket Agents and Travel Clerks72$42,600-5%110,800
Cargo and Freight Agents52$48,650+3%110,200
Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary6$76,870+4%110,100
Computer Programmers70$98,670-6%109,870
Audio and Video Technicians42$55,590+5%109,800
Art Directors26$105,680+5%109,200
Automotive and Watercraft Service Attendants52$33,420+8%108,100
Helpers--Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers32$36,240+5%106,400
Molding, Coremaking, and Casting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic72$39,770-3%105,800
Personal Care and Service Workers, All Other22$35,600+5%104,800
Physical Therapist Assistants18$64,080+14%102,300
Public Safety Telecommunicators32$49,530+3%102,300
Tire Repairers and Changers42$36,810+3%102,200
Food Batchmakers52$37,040+5%101,800
Telecommunications Line Installers and Repairers32$61,560-5%101,700
Special Education Teachers, Middle School2$63,670+2%100,300
Library Assistants, Clerical52$33,490+3%99,900
Healthcare Support Workers, All Other28$38,190+5%99,200
Order Clerks78$39,320-10%98,900
Health Technologists and Technicians, All Other38$53,810+5%98,400
Mixing and Blending Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders58$42,550+3%98,200
Business Teachers, Postsecondary8$100,320+5%98,000
Legal Support Workers, All Other52$63,520+4%97,800
Airline Pilots, Copilots, and Flight Engineers65$226,600+3.9%97,700
Biological Technicians42$52,180+5%97,500
Postal Service Clerks68$52,240-10%97,100
Postal Service Mail Sorters, Processors, and Processing Machine Operators78$52,060-10%96,800
Database Architects48$135,980+8.7%96,200
Public Relations Managers18$130,480+6%96,100
Cooks, Short Order52$30,790+5%95,200
Clinical and Counseling Psychologists4$96,100+11%94,900
Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists52$68,930+4%94,200
Interior Designers22$64,680+4%92,800
Financial Specialists, All Other48$79,520+4%92,400
Farmworkers, Farm, Ranch, and Aquacultural Animals32$34,440+2%92,000
Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment Specialists14$61,800+3%91,930
Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers22$58,200+5%91,800
Cabinetmakers and Bench Carpenters28$41,850+3%90,500
Veterinarians7$125,510+9.6%90,200
Pest Control Workers28$42,120+5%90,100
Telemarketers82$31,520-7%89,200
Labor Relations Specialists28$82,010+2%88,400
Barbers8$37,920+5%87,700
Fundraisers18$64,160+10%87,400
Drywall and Ceiling Tile Installers22$52,220+5%86,900
Computer Hardware Engineers22$138,200+7%86,200
Special Effects Artists and Animators70$99,800+1.6%84,400
Library Technicians62$39,610-3%84,100
Dietitians and Nutritionists8$69,680+7%83,900
Slaughterers and Meat Packers52$37,380+3%83,900
Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate48$61,560+3%83,800
Purchasing Managers42$136,380+4%82,600
Environmental Scientists and Specialists22$78,980+6%82,400
Natural Sciences Managers10$157,740+4%82,300
Skincare Specialists10$41,240+12%82,200
Diagnostic Medical Sonographers22$84,990+14%82,200
Coating, Painting, and Spraying Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders58$42,550+3%82,200
Chemists28$84,680+6%82,100
Gambling Dealers52$29,080+5%81,900
Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers42$36,800+3%81,200
Structural Iron and Steel Workers18$62,510+5%80,800
Demonstrators and Product Promoters48$36,210+3%79,000
Psychiatric Technicians18$40,870+5%78,900
Architectural and Civil Drafters62$63,840+0%78,400
Food Preparation and Serving Related Workers, All Other48$30,340+5%78,200
Education and Childcare Administrators, Preschool and Daycare8$52,930+5%77,170
Social Workers, All Other8$64,120+5%76,400
Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary6$80,780+12%74,800
Ophthalmic Medical Technicians32$43,810+6%74,200
Switchboard Operators, Including Answering Service82$35,610-15%73,900
Paramedics8$52,800+7%73,700
Education Teachers, Postsecondary8$73,780+5%73,200
Protective Service Workers, All Other28$40,310+5%73,200
Financial Examiners42$82,210+21%72,900
Interpreters and Translators58$57,090+4%72,100
Brickmasons and Blockmasons22$55,860+3%70,200
First-Line Supervisors of Firefighting and Prevention Workers6$82,010+4%69,200
Structural Metal Fabricators and Fitters48$48,080+1%67,200
Marriage and Family Therapists2$58,510+15%66,500
Aerospace Engineers18$130,720+6%66,200
Medical Equipment Preparers52$42,900+5%66,100
Industrial Engineering Technologists and Technicians48$60,220+1%64,900
Procurement Clerks72$46,840-5%63,900
Credit Analysts100$80,970-4.4%63,700
Extruding and Drawing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic62$41,430-3%63,700
Adult Basic Education, Adult Secondary Education, and English as a Second Language Instructors12$62,020+4%63,400
School Psychologists4$87,660+6%63,400
Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary8$80,350+5%63,400
Excavating and Loading Machine and Dragline Operators42$53,590+3%63,000
Helpers--Electricians28$37,580+6%62,900
Tax Preparers82$48,060-1%62,700
Mail Clerks and Mail Machine Operators78$36,850-10%62,600
Chemical Technicians48$56,200+3%62,500
Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary8$87,280+5%60,800
Health Education Specialists12$62,860+7%60,700
Cardiovascular Technologists and Technicians32$65,050+5%60,500
Couriers and Messengers62$36,850-5%60,200
Sales Engineers22$112,000+5%60,100
Residential Advisors8$35,480+3%60,000
Weighers, Measurers, Checkers, and Samplers, Recordkeeping72$38,780-5%59,900
General Internal Medicine Physicians4$224,460+3%59,500
Tile and Stone Setters18$49,420+5%59,200
Extruding, Forming, Pressing, and Compacting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders62$40,410-3%58,500
Glaziers18$51,380+5%58,400
Animal Trainers8$37,990+14%58,200
Grinding, Lapping, Polishing, and Buffing Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic62$40,780-3%58,100
Technical Writers94$91,670+0.9%57,600
Crane and Tower Operators32$63,970+3%56,900
Cutting and Slicing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders62$39,310-3%56,400
Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers72$52,830-2%55,800
Brokerage Clerks72$57,050-5%55,700
Budget Analysts62$84,940+3%55,600
English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary10$79,140+4%54,800
Tree Trimmers and Pruners14$48,600+5%54,700
Paving, Surfacing, and Tamping Equipment Operators38$51,290+4%54,100
Tool and Die Makers32$58,390-3%54,100
Clergy2$57,230+3%53,300
Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary12$97,210+5%53,200
Surveying and Mapping Technicians42$49,080+5%52,500
Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment28$66,510+3%52,200
Real Estate Brokers38$68,630+2%51,900
Writers and Authors36$73,690-3%51,250
Surveyors32$68,570+5%50,700
Photographers38$43,100-4%50,300
Control and Valve Installers and Repairers28$62,440+3%50,300
First-Line Supervisors of Correctional Officers12$72,090+3%50,200
Credit Authorizers, Checkers, and Clerks82$47,080-10%49,600
News Analysts, Reporters, and Journalists34$57,500-3%49,500
Occupational Therapy Assistants12$67,420+18%49,400
Tour Guides and Escorts18$35,600+8%49,200
Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary8$115,170+5%49,100
Lodging Managers22$62,020+8%48,300
Medical Transcriptionists88$37,930-6%48,300
Medical Equipment Repairers22$59,180+14%48,100
First-Line Supervisors of Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Workers14$55,110+3%47,800
Mechanical Drafters62$61,440-2%47,100
Hazardous Materials Removal Workers18$48,550+3%47,100
Nurse Anesthetists2$212,040+9%46,820
Entertainers and Performers, Sports and Related Workers, All Other14$44,720+5%46,800
Roustabouts, Oil and Gas32$43,810-5%46,500
Environmental Engineers18$100,090+6%46,300
Helpers--Pipelayers, Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters28$37,170+5%46,300
Physical Therapist Aides32$33,400+14%45,900
Millwrights18$62,420+5%45,600
Legislators4$41,000+1%45,400
Special Education Teachers, All Other4$65,220+2%45,200
Acute Care Nurse Practitioners2$129,210+40%45,000
Commercial Pilots32$113,080+6%44,300
Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders52$52,930+3%44,200
New Accounts Clerks72$42,900-5%43,800
Cooks, All Other42$33,940+5%43,600
Training and Development Managers14$125,040+6%42,800
Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary8$79,540+5%42,600
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technologists28$77,360+6%42,400
Actors24$58,580+3%42,200
Statisticians42$104,110+11%41,600
Computer Operators82$50,240-12%41,600
Machine Feeders and Offbearers78$36,860-5%41,300
Railroad Conductors and Yardmasters48$75,510-3%41,200
Musicians and Singers18$51,900+4%40,500
Computer and Information Research Scientists14$145,080+26%40,200
Urban and Regional Planners28$81,800+7%40,100
Designers, All Other42$63,470+3%40,100
Floral Designers28$33,030-8%39,900
Optometrists6$131,860+9%39,800
Mechanical Engineering Technologists and Technicians48$61,480+1%39,400
Emergency Medicine Physicians4$310,640+3%39,200
Print Binding and Finishing Workers72$37,360-8%38,900
Aircraft Structure, Surfaces, Rigging, and Systems Assemblers42$59,010+3%38,800
Petroleum Pump System Operators, Refinery Operators, and Gaugers32$78,670-3%38,600
Chiropractors6$75,380+4%37,940
Film and Video Editors42$67,050+5%37,900
Coin, Vending, and Amusement Machine Servicers and Repairers42$41,260+3%37,800
Woodworking Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Except Sawing58$38,520-3%37,800
Environmental Science and Protection Technicians32$50,210+6%37,400
Locomotive Engineers62$78,620-5%37,000
Word Processors and Typists92$44,150-22%36,800
Chemical Plant and System Operators32$72,440+3%36,600
Surgeons, All Other2$260,000+3%36,200
Travel Guides18$37,160+8%36,200
Dental Laboratory Technicians38$48,670+5%36,200
Commercial and Industrial Designers38$76,080+3%35,800
Private Detectives and Investigators28$52,120+6%35,800
Paper Goods Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders62$42,560-5%35,800
Concierges28$38,330+8%35,400
Biochemists and Biophysicists14$104,110+7%34,900
First-Line Supervisors of Entertainment and Recreation Workers14$48,160+8%34,900
Conveyor Operators and Tenders72$39,260+3%34,400
Biological Scientists, All Other16$87,660+5%34,300
Tailors, Dressmakers, and Custom Sewers22$37,120+3%34,300
Farm Equipment Mechanics and Service Technicians18$47,900+5%34,200
Outdoor Power Equipment and Other Small Engine Mechanics28$42,280+3%34,100
Radiologists18$340,280+3%33,900
Semiconductor Processing Technicians48$47,040+5%33,900
Athletic Trainers6$57,200+14%33,800
Pipelayers22$47,280+5%33,800
Captains, Mates, and Pilots of Water Vessels22$88,180+3%33,300
Anesthesiologists4$302,970+3%33,100
Insulation Workers, Floor, Ceiling, and Wall22$48,090+5%32,900
Home Appliance Repairers32$46,820+3%32,900
Fishers and Related Fishing Workers18$35,400+3%32,400
Actuaries52$120,000+23%32,300
Power Plant Operators28$100,090-3%32,200
Social Science Research Assistants52$53,200+5%31,700
Pressers, Textile, Garment, and Related Materials72$30,210-8%31,700
Pediatricians, General4$198,420+3%30,900
Transportation Workers, All Other38$42,820+5%30,900
Health Diagnosing and Treating Practitioners, All Other8$78,740+8%30,400
Food Cooking Machine Operators and Tenders58$35,680+3%30,400
Elevator and Escalator Installers and Repairers12$102,420+3%30,300
Dietetic Technicians32$37,390+7%30,000
Broadcast Technicians48$49,050+2%29,800
Stationary Engineers and Boiler Operators28$66,530+3%29,800
Office Machine Operators82$37,460-10%29,200
Separating, Filtering, Clarifying, Precipitating, and Still Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders52$48,820+3%29,000
Geoscientists22$93,580+5%28,900
Petroleum Engineers22$135,690-2%28,700
Audiovisual Equipment Installers and Repairers32$47,240+5%28,700
Transportation Inspectors28$77,390+3%28,700
Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates6$154,140+3%28,600
Health and Safety Engineers18$100,660+4%28,400
Engine and Other Machine Assemblers62$48,090-3%28,200
Material Moving Workers, All Other52$37,480+3%28,200
Materials Engineers22$100,830+6%27,900
Lathe and Turning Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic62$44,620-3%27,700
Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary10$76,860+4%27,500
Communications Teachers, Postsecondary10$76,600+4%27,100
Agricultural Equipment Operators52$36,580+3%27,100
Sawing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Wood62$37,070-5%27,000
Sailors and Marine Oilers28$49,630+3%26,900
Excavating and Loading Machine and Dragline Operators, Surface Mining42$53,590+3%26,700
Logging Equipment Operators32$48,080-5%26,600
Grounds Maintenance Workers, All Other28$37,300+3%26,500
Ophthalmic Laboratory Technicians58$37,180+5%26,300
Upholsterers28$41,620+3%26,200
Chemical Engineers18$112,100+8%26,100
Court Reporters and Simultaneous Captioners58$63,450+3%26,100
Prepress Technicians and Workers72$46,600-8%25,900
Insulation Workers, Mechanical18$56,600+5%25,800
Locksmiths and Safe Repairers22$47,940+3%25,600
Crushing, Grinding, and Polishing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders62$42,440+3%25,300
Rolling Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic62$45,230-3%25,200
Psychiatrists2$247,350+3%25,160
Broadcast Announcers and Radio Disc Jockeys56$41,710-6%25,100
Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary8$86,650+5%25,000
Fence Erectors18$44,540+5%25,000
Conservation Scientists14$65,740+5%24,800
Helpers--Carpenters28$37,820+3%24,500
Painters, Transportation Equipment42$51,930+3%24,500
Carpet Installers22$47,170+3%24,400
Fashion Designers22$80,440+1%24,300
Landscape Architects18$76,100+4%24,100
Directors, Religious Activities and Education6$49,080+3%23,900
Reinforcing Iron and Rebar Workers22$57,880+5%23,800
Music Directors and Composers14$62,940+5%23,700
Ambulance Drivers and Attendants, Except Emergency Medical Technicians42$33,990+5%23,700
Morticians, Undertakers, and Funeral Arrangers8$57,300+3%23,500
History Teachers, Postsecondary10$81,190+4%23,200
Media and Communication Equipment Workers, All Other42$54,290+3%23,100
Bioengineers and Biomedical Engineers14$100,590+5%23,000
Agricultural Technicians38$42,260+5%22,800
Occupational Health and Safety Technicians32$55,950+5%22,700
Meter Readers, Utilities88$46,380-15%22,500
Tapers22$55,810+5%22,500
Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Powerhouse, Substation, and Relay22$96,400+3%22,400
Textile, Apparel, and Furnishings Workers, All Other52$36,700-3%22,400
Helpers--Brickmasons, Blockmasons, Stonemasons, and Tile and Marble Setters32$38,740+3%22,300
Advertising and Promotions Managers32$131,870+3%22,200
Plasterers and Stucco Masons18$49,640+5%22,200
Service Unit Operators, Oil and Gas38$50,120-5%22,100
Special Education Teachers, Preschool2$63,100+5%22,000
Philosophy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary10$79,140+4%21,900
Jewelers and Precious Stone and Metal Workers28$46,310+3%21,900
Rail Car Repairers28$61,010+3%21,800
Microbiologists18$85,000+5%21,600
Fiberglass Laminators and Fabricators48$39,420+3%21,200
Motorboat Mechanics and Service Technicians22$48,040+5%21,100
Avionics Technicians22$73,220+5%21,000
Forging Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic62$44,010-3%20,900
Economists38$115,730+6%20,600
Recreational Therapists6$53,410+4%20,400
Solar Photovoltaic Installers14$48,800+22%20,300
Food and Tobacco Roasting, Baking, and Drying Machine Operators and Tenders62$39,310+3%20,300
Molders, Shapers, and Casters, Except Metal and Plastic48$40,960+3%20,200
Physicists14$155,680+5%19,800
Nuclear Medicine Technologists32$92,500+2%19,100
Computer Numerically Controlled Tool Programmers42$63,760+5%18,900
Furnace, Kiln, Oven, Drier, and Kettle Operators and Tenders52$43,040+3%18,800
Criminal Justice and Law Enforcement Teachers, Postsecondary10$72,040+5%18,500
Septic Tank Servicers and Sewer Pipe Cleaners22$46,100+5%18,400
Soil and Plant Scientists22$70,150+7%18,300
Compensation and Benefits Managers38$136,380+2%18,300
Textile Knitting and Weaving Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders62$37,380-5%18,300
Electric Motor, Power Tool, and Related Repairers32$48,840+3%18,200
Nuclear Engineers14$124,140+0%18,000
Helpers--Extraction Workers32$40,870-3%18,000
Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists12$68,880+3%17,800
Food Scientists and Technologists28$79,860+8%17,700
Forest and Conservation Workers14$33,950+5%17,400
Postmasters and Mail Superintendents42$80,800-5%17,300
Baggage Porters and Bellhops38$33,740+5%17,300
Law Teachers, Postsecondary8$126,180+4%17,200
Athletes and Sports Competitors2$77,300+9%17,200
Air Crew Officers6$110,000+3%17,200
Photographic Process Workers and Processing Machine Operators72$37,200-8%17,100
Radiation Therapists28$98,300+3%17,080
Bailiffs18$50,770+0%17,000
Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers14$107,000+3%16,900
Riggers18$57,380+5%16,800
Drilling and Boring Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic62$42,840-3%16,800
Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes18$82,080+10%16,600
Ophthalmologists4$302,000+3%16,400
Motorcycle Mechanics22$44,310+3%16,400
Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary10$78,230+4%16,300
Sound Engineering Technicians32$62,840+5%16,200
Medical Appliance Technicians28$45,580+5%16,200
Military Officer Special and Tactical Operations Leaders, All Other6$105,000+3%16,200
Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary10$87,470+4%16,100
Locker Room, Coatroom, and Dressing Room Attendants58$31,600+5%16,100
Museum Technicians and Conservators22$53,620+3%15,900
Fire Inspectors and Investigators18$68,100+4%15,900
Boilermakers22$64,740+3%15,800
Floor Layers, Except Carpet, Wood, and Hard Tiles22$48,360+3%15,800
Pourers and Casters, Metal52$44,180-3%15,800
Agricultural Inspectors32$49,130+3%15,700
Adhesive Bonding Machine Operators and Tenders68$38,960-3%15,700
Cutters and Trimmers, Hand62$36,160-5%15,300
Painting, Coating, and Decorating Workers52$36,700+3%15,000
Fine Artists24$55,560+5%14,900
Door-to-Door Sales Workers, News and Street Vendors, and Related Workers58$33,570-3%14,900
Environmental Engineering Technologists and Technicians42$50,010+5%14,800
Plant and System Operators, All Other32$62,800+3%14,800
Economics Teachers, Postsecondary10$116,850+5%14,700
Physics Teachers, Postsecondary8$99,210+5%14,600
Metal-Refining Furnace Operators and Tenders52$47,740-3%14,600
Audiologists6$87,740+10%14,400
Judicial Law Clerks38$59,590+3%14,300
Radio, Cellular, and Tower Equipment Installers and Repairers32$63,120+5%14,300
Railroad Brake, Signal, and Switch Operators and Locomotive Firers62$74,530-5%14,200
Statistical Assistants62$52,560+3%13,800
Cleaning, Washing, and Metal Pickling Equipment Operators and Tenders62$38,500+3%13,800
Gambling Cage Workers68$33,400+3%13,700
Buyers and Purchasing Agents, Farm Products48$72,300-2%13,400
Helpers--Roofers28$37,780+5%13,400
Wind Turbine Service Technicians8$61,770+45%13,400
Gambling and Sports Book Writers and Runners62$28,850+3%13,300
Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers, Transportation Equipment28$72,240+3%13,000
Shampooers18$29,020+3%12,700
Mining Machine Operators, All Other48$53,270-3%12,700
Foresters14$67,050+3%12,600
Hearing Aid Specialists22$60,230+15%12,500
Appraisers of Personal and Business Property52$63,600+3%12,300
Atmospheric, Earth, Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary10$101,900+5%12,200
Gambling Change Persons and Booth Cashiers82$29,510+3%12,000
Textile Cutting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders68$34,010-5%12,000
Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary8$78,780+5%11,900
Parking Enforcement Workers62$48,190+3%11,600
Survey Researchers52$60,390+2%11,400
Emergency Management Directors6$83,960+3%11,200
Helpers--Painters, Paperhangers, Plasterers, and Stucco Masons28$37,350+3%11,200
Atmospheric and Space Scientists28$101,790+4%10,900
Dancers8$46,880+3%10,900
Textile Bleaching and Dyeing Machine Operators and Tenders62$35,080-5%10,900
Podiatrists6$152,640+1%10,700
Marine Engineers and Naval Architects18$100,900+4%10,700
Orthotists and Prosthetists12$79,770+15%10,500
Power Distributors and Dispatchers32$104,200+0%10,500
Choreographers10$52,980+4%10,200
Audio-Visual and Multimedia Collections Specialists42$57,340+3%10,200
Stonemasons18$48,010+3%10,200
Gas Plant Operators32$82,020+3%10,200
Funeral Home Managers8$79,400+3%10,100
Desktop Publishers78$48,020-15%10,100
Coil Winders, Tapers, and Finishers72$40,900-5%9,900
Tank Car, Truck, and Ship Loaders52$52,650+3%9,800
Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Studies Teachers, Postsecondary10$81,960+4%9,600
Proofreaders and Copy Markers78$46,430-5%9,500
Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors18$56,480+3%9,200
Ship Engineers22$82,550+3%9,100
Wellhead Pumpers48$51,580-5%9,100
Pump Operators, Except Wellhead Pumpers42$52,470+3%8,900
Derrick Operators, Oil and Gas38$58,200-5%8,700
Subway and Streetcar Operators62$79,230+3%8,700
Anthropologists and Archeologists18$63,800+4%8,400
Acupuncturists4$71,310+17%8,300
Craft Artists12$39,080+3%8,200
Etchers and Engravers48$38,460+3%8,200
Electronic Equipment Installers and Repairers, Motor Vehicles32$42,700+3%8,100
Gambling Surveillance Officers and Gambling Investigators42$39,680+3%8,000
Archivists32$60,050+5%7,700
Correspondence Clerks78$43,340-10%7,700
Materials Scientists22$105,550+6%7,500
Nurse Midwives2$120,880+12%7,500
Cooks, Private Household12$46,900+3%7,200
Hydrologists22$91,340+5%7,100
Arbitrators, Mediators, and Conciliators8$68,440+3%7,100
Exercise Physiologists8$53,340+11%7,000
Continuous Mining Machine Operators48$55,370-5%6,900
Architecture Teachers, Postsecondary8$95,740+4%6,800
Shoe and Leather Workers and Repairers42$34,140-5%6,700
Nuclear Technicians28$99,340+0%6,600
Embalmers8$52,950+3%6,400
Occupational Therapy Aides22$36,120+17%6,300
Farm Labor Contractors32$36,500+2%6,200
Sewers, Hand38$33,740-5%6,100
Nuclear Power Reactor Operators12$114,700+0%6,000
Mining and Geological Engineers22$100,420-4%5,900
Railroad Signal and Switch Operators and Locomotive Firers68$74,930-5%5,800
Fish and Game Wardens8$60,780+3%5,700
Gambling Service Workers, All Other48$31,740+3%5,600
Cooling and Freezing Equipment Operators and Tenders58$38,680+3%5,600
Traffic Technicians42$51,890+3%5,600
Artillery and Missile Officers8$100,000+3%5,500
Political Scientists22$132,050+6%5,400
Orthodontists4$200,000+4%5,400
Telephone Operators88$39,740-15%5,300
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons2$234,990+3%5,200
Floor Sanders and Finishers22$45,290+3%5,200
Gambling Managers28$88,120+3%5,100
Genetic Counselors8$93,560+18%5,100
Explosives Workers, Ordnance Handling Experts, and Blasters18$59,460+3%5,100
Transit and Railroad Police12$66,830+3%4,800
Makeup Artists, Theatrical and Performance10$64,420+8%4,600
Geography Teachers, Postsecondary10$83,170+4%4,400
Hoist and Winch Operators38$54,630+3%4,400
Library Science Teachers, Postsecondary12$82,990+3%4,100
Rail Yard Engineers, Dinkey Operators, and Hostlers62$56,200-5%4,100
Manufactured Building and Mobile Home Installers22$41,000+3%3,900
Motorboat Operators28$45,740+3%3,900
Gas Compressor and Gas Pumping Station Operators42$64,680+3%3,900
Log Graders and Scalers42$44,030-5%3,300
Animal Scientists18$73,070+5%3,200
Mathematicians38$120,950+3%3,100
Sociologists28$97,590+4%3,100
Aircraft Launch and Recovery Officers8$105,000+3%2,800
Agricultural Engineers18$83,600+5%2,600
Astronomers14$130,940+5%2,600
Communications Equipment Operators, All Other72$43,700-5%2,500
Dredge Operators38$53,080+3%2,500
Bridge and Lock Tenders62$55,690+3%2,300
Forestry and Conservation Science Teachers, Postsecondary10$95,020+4%2,200
Models18$37,600+5%1,600
Industrial-Organizational Psychologists18$147,420+6%1,400
Locomotive Firers68$74,930-5%1,100

Sources and methodology

The score is a relative index of task exposure from 0 to 100. It is not a percentage chance of losing a job or a forecast of layoffs. Individual tasks, employer choices, adoption, and regulation all matter.

The Index uses stored BLS-based occupation data. O*NET, OECD capability indicators, and task-exposure research are contextual references. The derivation of the stored occupation scores is not reproducibly documented in the published dataset.

The source snapshot does not record the wage-survey year or employment-projection window. Check the original BLS release before treating these figures as current. Editorial changes and export dates do not establish data freshness.

Read the methodology and limitations