The Replaceability Index

Construction & Extraction: AI Replaceability Across 48 Occupations

Compare AI task exposure across occupations, alongside pay and projected growth. 48 occupations in this view. The score is a relative index of task exposure from 0 to 100. It is not a percentage chance of losing a job or a forecast of layoffs. Individual tasks, employer choices, adoption, and regulation all matter.

Occupation data. Exposure is an index out of 100, not a probability.
OccupationExposure /100Median annual wageStored growth projectionEmployment
Electricians12$65,280+6%739,200
First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers12$77,650+4%774,300
Elevator and Escalator Installers and Repairers12$102,420+3%30,300
Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters14$63,700+5%511,900
Solar Photovoltaic Installers14$48,800+22%20,300
Carpenters18$56,350+3%790,000
Stonemasons18$48,010+3%10,200
Tile and Stone Setters18$49,420+5%59,200
Glaziers18$51,380+5%58,400
Insulation Workers, Mechanical18$56,600+5%25,800
Plasterers and Stucco Masons18$49,640+5%22,200
Structural Iron and Steel Workers18$62,510+5%80,800
Fence Erectors18$44,540+5%25,000
Hazardous Materials Removal Workers18$48,550+3%47,100
Explosives Workers, Ordnance Handling Experts, and Blasters18$59,460+3%5,100
Boilermakers22$64,740+3%15,800
Brickmasons and Blockmasons22$55,860+3%70,200
Carpet Installers22$47,170+3%24,400
Floor Layers, Except Carpet, Wood, and Hard Tiles22$48,360+3%15,800
Floor Sanders and Finishers22$45,290+3%5,200
Cement Masons and Concrete Finishers22$51,650+5%175,900
Drywall and Ceiling Tile Installers22$52,220+5%86,900
Tapers22$55,810+5%22,500
Insulation Workers, Floor, Ceiling, and Wall22$48,090+5%32,900
Pipelayers22$47,280+5%33,800
Reinforcing Iron and Rebar Workers22$57,880+5%23,800
Roofers22$48,290+5%149,900
Sheet Metal Workers22$58,280+5%142,100
Septic Tank Servicers and Sewer Pipe Cleaners22$46,100+5%18,400
Construction Laborers28$44,190+5%1,296,100
Painters, Construction and Maintenance28$46,080+3%261,300
Helpers--Carpenters28$37,820+3%24,500
Helpers--Electricians28$37,580+6%62,900
Helpers--Painters, Paperhangers, Plasterers, and Stucco Masons28$37,350+3%11,200
Helpers--Pipelayers, Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters28$37,170+5%46,300
Helpers--Roofers28$37,780+5%13,400
Highway Maintenance Workers28$46,130+3%147,200
Helpers--Brickmasons, Blockmasons, Stonemasons, and Tile and Marble Setters32$38,740+3%22,300
Roustabouts, Oil and Gas32$43,810-5%46,500
Helpers--Extraction Workers32$40,870-3%18,000
Paving, Surfacing, and Tamping Equipment Operators38$51,290+4%54,100
Derrick Operators, Oil and Gas38$58,200-5%8,700
Service Unit Operators, Oil and Gas38$50,120-5%22,100
Construction and Building Inspectors42$65,740+1%147,000
Excavating and Loading Machine and Dragline Operators, Surface Mining42$53,590+3%26,700
Operating Engineers and Other Construction Equipment Operators48$56,810+4%455,200
Continuous Mining Machine Operators48$55,370-5%6,900
Mining Machine Operators, All Other48$53,270-3%12,700

Sources and methodology

The score is a relative index of task exposure from 0 to 100. It is not a percentage chance of losing a job or a forecast of layoffs. Individual tasks, employer choices, adoption, and regulation all matter.

The Index uses stored BLS-based occupation data. O*NET, OECD capability indicators, and task-exposure research are contextual references. The derivation of the stored occupation scores is not reproducibly documented in the published dataset.

The source snapshot does not record the wage-survey year or employment-projection window. Check the original BLS release before treating these figures as current. Editorial changes and export dates do not establish data freshness.

Read the methodology and limitations